Heat Transfer

Conduction  ·  Convection  ·  Radiation

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How it works
Vibrating particles pass energy to their neighbours — like a chain of bumping dominoes
What it needs
Requires direct contact — metals are the best conductors
Example
A metal spoon heating up when left in a hot drink
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How it works
Hot fluid expands, becomes less dense, and rises — cooler, denser fluid sinks to take its place
What it needs
Only works in liquids and gases, where particles can move around freely
Example
Hot air rising above a heater; water circulating in a pot as it boils
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How it works
Heat travels as light waves — no touching or material needed at all
What it needs
Nothing — it can travel through empty space (vacuum)
Example
Feeling warmth from the Sun, even though space between us is completely empty